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1. Acetylene

Description

Formula: C₂H₂

Synonyms: Ethyne, Ethine

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 26.04

Density: 1.09 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.0680 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.917 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

14.7 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Acetylene (C₂ H₂) is not an air gas, but a synthesis gas generally produced from the reaction of calcium carbide with water. It was burnt in “acetylene lamps” to
light homes and mining tunnels in the 19th century. A gaseous hydrocarbon, it is colorless, has a strong garlic odor, is unstable, highly combustible, and produces a
very hot flame (over 3000°C or 5400°F) when combined with oxygen.

2. Air (Compressed)

Gas Data

Density: 1.200 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.07493 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.8333 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

13.35 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Air is used to calibrate environmental emission monitoring, industrial hygiene monitors and trace impurity analyzers and as balance gas for some
calibration mixtures. Air is used as combustion gases for gas chromatograph detectors (flame ionization or FID, flame photometric or FPD) and atomic absorption (or
AAS spectrophotometers).

3. Argon

Description

Formula: Ar

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 39.95

Density: 1.65 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.103 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.606 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

9.71 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Argon is used for lighting. It may also be used to provide an inert atmosphere for certain projects when explosion or other forms of oxidation may pose a
problem. Also used in “Geiger” counters, which measure radiation levels.

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4. Carbon Dioxide

Description

Formula: CO₂

Synonyms: Carbonic Anhydride, Carbonic Acid Gas

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 44.01

Density: 1.833 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.1144 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.5456 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

18.741 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Carbon dioxide gas is formed from the combination of two elements: carbon and oxygen. It is produced from the combustion of coal or hydrocarbons, the
fermentation of liquids and the breathing of humans and animals. Found in small proportions in the atmosphere, it is assimilated by plants, which in turn produce oxygen.
CO₂ gas has a slightly irritating odor, is colorless and heavier than air. It cannot sustain life. It freezes at -78.5°C to form carbon dioxide snow. In an aqueous solution
it forms carbonic acid, which is too unstable to be easily isolated.

5. Carbon Monoxide

Description

Formula: CO

Synonyms: Carbon Oxide

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 28.01

Density: 1.16 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.0725 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.862 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

13.8 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Component in calibration gas mixtures for environmental monitoring systems and industrial hygiene gas mixtures. In semiconductor fabrication: selective
oxide etching in conjunction with C₄F₈. Used in the manufacturing of metal carbonyls.

6. Hydrogen

Description

Formula: H₂

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 2.02

Density: 0.08235 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.00521 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 12.0 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

192 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Hydrogen is only found in the atmosphere at trace levels; it is synthesized from hydrocarbons (petroleum and petroleum by-products) and from water where
it constitutes the lightest fraction of the H₂O molecule. Hydrogen gas is colorless, highly flammable, very light, cannot sustain life and reacts easily with other chemical
substances.

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7. Helium

Description

Formula: He

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 4.00

Density: 0.165 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.0103 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 6.06 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

97.1 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research and nuclear power plant coolant. Future possible uses include
use as coolant for nuclear fusion power plants and in superconducting electric systems. Helium is abundant in the Sun’s atmosphere (hence its name from Helios), and is
found at trace level in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, it may also be found in fossil form in natural gas pockets in some oil fields, where it is extracted by drilling
deep into the subsoil of certain regions in the U.S.A., Algeria and Poland. Helium is an extremely light gas (its density is 0.169 kg/m³) and is therefore very volatile. It
is colorless, odorless, non-flammable and completely inert. It cannot sustain life.

8. Methane

Description

Formula: CH₄

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 16.04

Density: 0.676 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.0422 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 1.48 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

23.7 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

In mixture with argon, methane is used in Geiger counter and for the detector in X Ray Fluorescence (XRF) as quenching gas. In mixture with other
hydrocarbons, methane is used as reference point in calorimetric measurements for the measurement of PCI of hydrocarbons or coal. Methane is used in calibration gas
mixtures for petrochemical industry; environmental emission monitoring, industrial hygiene monitors and trace impurity analyzers.

9. Neon

Description

Formula: Ne

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 20.18

Density: 0.8254 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.05153 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 1.212 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

19.41 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Commonly known as a fill gas for colorful neon signs in outdoor advertising displays, neon’s other uses include glow lamps as visual indicator devices,
voltage regulation, and lasers. In combination with other rare gases, neon is finding increased application in special fluorescent lamps. Neon is also used in spark chamber
mixtures, useful in atomic particle research.

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10. Nitrogen

Description

Formula: N₂

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 28.01

Density: 1.153 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.07199 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.8673 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

13.89 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Nitrogen has many industrial uses in the gaseous forms, but probably the most interesting is liquid nitrogen, which is extremely cold. Items that must
be frozen to extremely low temperatures for preservation are frequently stored in liquid nitrogen. Fertility clinics store sperm, eggs and embryos used to help infertile
couples become pregnant in ampoules in liquid nitrogen. Since nitrogen gas is very stable, at standard temperature and pressure, it is used as the air in inert welding
atmospheres. Documents, foods and chemicals are sometimes stored in nitrogen to keep them from oxidizing or reacting with air or water.

11. Nitrous Oxide

Description

Formula: N₂O

Synonyms: Nitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen, Monoxide, Laughing Gas

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 44.01

Density: 1.947 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.1215 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.5136 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

8.230 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Nitrous oxide is used as gas propellant for aerosols packaging. Nitrous oxide is a combatant for the flame in atomic absorption spectrophotometry. N₂O
is used in calibration gas mixtures for petrochemical industry; environmental emission monitoring, industrial hygiene monitors and trace impurity analyzers. In semiconductor
manufacturing, nitrous oxide can be the oxygen source for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon oxynitride (doped or undoped) or silicon dioxide.

12. Oxygen

Description

Formula: O₂

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 32.00

Density: 1.326 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.08279 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.7541 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

12.08 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

14. Xenon

Description

Formula: Xe

Synonyms: Ethyne, Ethine

Gas Data

Molecular Weight: 131.29

Density: 5.472 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.3416 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume: 0.1827 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

2.927 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Xenon is used in incandescent lighting. Because less energy can be used to produce the same unit of light output as a normal incandescent lamp, the
filament doesn’t have to work “as hard” and filament life is increased. Because of its high intensity light characteristics, xenon is used in the aviation field for
flashing lights guiding pilots on runway approaches. Xenon and lasers are also finding possible application in wastewater treatment through generation of ultraviolet
light. Current systems rely upon mercury vapor lamps. The xenon flash lamp, first developed as an energy source for laser beams, produces more photons and sends them out
at energy levels five or more times intense than mercury devices. Xenon makes it possible to obtain better x-rays with reduced amounts of radiation and, when mixed with
oxygen, is used to enhance contrast in CT imaging and to determine blood flow.

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