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1.   Air

2.   Carbon Dioxide

3.   Helium

4.   Nitrogen

5.   Nitrous Oxide

6.   Oxygen

1. Air (Compressed)

Gas Data

Density:                 1.200 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.07493 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume:    0.8333 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

13.35 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Air is used to calibrate environmental emission monitoring, industrial hygiene monitors and trace impurity analyzers and as balance gas for some
calibration mixtures. Air is used as combustion gases for gas chromatograph detectors (flame ionization or FID, flame photometric or FPD) and atomic absorption (or
AAS spectrophotometers).

2. Carbon Dioxide

Description

Formula:                 CO₂

Synonyms:             Carbonic Anhydride, Carbonic Acid Gas

Gas Data

Molecular Weight:  44.01

Density:                 1.833 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.1144 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume:    0.5456 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

18.741 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Carbon dioxide gas is formed from the combination of two elements: carbon and oxygen. It is produced from the combustion of coal or hydrocarbons, the
fermentation of liquids and the breathing of humans and animals. Found in small proportions in the atmosphere, it is assimilated by plants, which in turn produce oxygen.
CO₂ gas has a slightly irritating odor, is colorless and heavier than air. It cannot sustain life. It freezes at -78.5°C to form carbon dioxide snow. In an aqueous solution
it forms carbonic acid, which is too unstable to be easily isolated.

3. Helium

Description

Formula:                 He

Gas Data

Molecular Weight:  4.00

Density:                 0.165 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.0103 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume:    6.06 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

97.1 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research and nuclear power plant coolant. Future possible uses include
use as coolant for nuclear fusion power plants and in superconducting electric systems. Helium is abundant in the Sun’s atmosphere (hence its name from Helios), and is
found at trace level in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, it may also be found in fossil form in natural gas pockets in some oil fields, where it is extracted by drilling
deep into the subsoil of certain regions in the U.S.A., Algeria and Poland. Helium is an extremely light gas (its density is 0.169 kg/m³) and is therefore very volatile. It
is colorless, odorless, non-flammable and completely inert. It cannot sustain life.

4. Nitrogen

Description

Formula:                 N₂

Gas Data

Molecular Weight:  28.01

Density:                 1.153 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.07199 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume:    0.8673 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

13.89 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Nitrogen has many industrial uses in the gaseous forms, but probably the most interesting is liquid nitrogen, which is extremely cold. Items that must
be frozen to extremely low temperatures for preservation are frequently stored in liquid nitrogen. Fertility clinics store sperm, eggs and embryos used to help infertile
couples become pregnant in ampoules in liquid nitrogen. Since nitrogen gas is very stable, at standard temperature and pressure, it is used as the air in inert welding
atmospheres. Documents, foods and chemicals are sometimes stored in nitrogen to keep them from oxidizing or reacting with air or water.

5. Nitrous Oxide

Description

Formula:                 N₂O

Synonyms:             Nitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen, Monoxide, Laughing Gas

Gas Data

Molecular Weight:  44.01

Density:                 1.947 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.1215 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume:    0.5136 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

8.230 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Nitrous oxide is used as gas propellant for aerosols packaging. Nitrous oxide is a combatant for the flame in atomic absorption spectrophotometry. N₂O
is used in calibration gas mixtures for petrochemical industry; environmental emission monitoring, industrial hygiene monitors and trace impurity analyzers. In semiconductor
manufacturing, nitrous oxide can be the oxygen source for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon oxynitride (doped or undoped) or silicon dioxide.

6. Oxygen

Description

Formula:                 O₂

Gas Data

Molecular Weight:  32.00

Density:                 1.326 kg/m³ @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

0.08279 lb/ft³ @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Specific Volume:    0.7541 m³/kg @ 21.1°C, 101.325 kPa

12.08 ft³/lb @ 70°F, 14.696 psia

Forms nearly 21% of atmosphere. Used in steel making, welding, water purification, cement. It is also required for supporting life and combustion.

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